3月14日至15日，东北大部分地区再降大到暴雪。其中吉林省东部、黑龙江省中东部地区，降雪厚度超过35厘米，为去冬今春之少见。俗话说“瑞雪兆丰年”，这场大雪对即将到来的春耕播种无疑是件大好事。但对东北地区在冬春之交可以产新的为数不多几个药材品种之一 ——寄生的采收却带来了不利影响。特别是一些降雪厚度较大的地区，也恰恰正是寄生的主产区。受其影响，开市后曾一度回落的寄生鲜货的价格出现反弹，再次上涨到5—5.2元（千克，下同）。
去年入冬以来，东北的一些高寒林区降雪量很大 ，这无疑给寄生的采收带来了一定的困难，导致产量减少。再加上受国内潜在的通货膨胀因素影响，寄生鲜货的市场价格高达到5—5.2元，比往年的2.8—3元上涨了73%，创下历史最高纪录。受其影响，寄生干品的市场价格也上涨到了13—13.5元。直到临近春节，市场上寄生鲜货的价格才回落到4.6—4.8元，但产地的走货价格依然保持在3.8—4元。
今年立春早，春节过后气温回升较快 。如果不下这场大雪，东北大部分地区现在已是冰消雪融春光明媚的季节了。勤劳的山区农民在备耕之余，就会利用闲暇时间上山采摘寄生搞副业创收。届时，寄生的产量就会有所增加，市场的价格也将随之回落。然而，由于这场大雪的到来，东北地区的气温回升至少要迟延一旬有余。山上积雪未融，寄生采收依旧困难。要等到冰消雪化时，节气已过清明，再有十天半月就好开犁种地了。到那时，就是寄生价格涨到多少钱，农民朋友也没有闲暇时间去采收了。等到春耕播种结束后，有的树木已发芽长叶，寄生的产新基本临近尾声，产量难以大增。有鉴于此，这场大雪不仅让市场上寄生鲜货的价格出现反弹，同时也会影响今后寄生价格走势的回落！
1临床资料
治疗100例患者，其中男性65例，女性35例，年龄最大82岁，最小15岁，其中患咳痰(含各种急慢性咳痰)58例，慢性咽炎15天，咽颊炎2年。
2治疗方法
2．1配方及制作方法：侗药寄生茶、布冬根、甜草根、甜茶叶、喀蚂叶、金银花、桂花、生姜等药各等量，洗净，晒干，粉碎筛后，装成591袋备用。
2．2服用方法：每次1袋，泡开水50—200毫升，成人每次饮50毫升，儿童减半，7天1疗程。
3治疗效果
3．1临床观察，上述病症，无论病程长短，凡服用侗药“寄生茶汤”20g，两天内即可有效控制。咽喉部、胸部即可感觉宽胸无压抑，咳痰即停止，按每日15g，连服15天后，所患病症可达到治愈，长期服用可起到保健作用。
3．2治疗结果：患者100人例，痊愈80例，占80％，有效12例，占12％，无效8例，占8％，总有效率为92％。
4典型病例
4．1 例1刘某某，82岁，患老年咳痰40年，咳脓痰、胸闷气喘，服本汤药5g，控制减少咳痰次数每日10次左右，连续服用50g后，已控制70％咳痰次数，继续服用200g，已痊愈至今。
4．2例2杨某某，男，45岁，因劳伤咳半声嗽，俗称劳伤咳痰5年，服用本汤药5克，即见效，服200g后，至今无复发。
5体会
侗药“寄生茶汤”，是本人在长期的农村生活中得老侗医传授治疗咳痰(咳半声嗽)、咽炎、咽喉炎、咽呷炎等喉部疾病的专方。
根据师傅所传，经本人反复验证，加减药量，去其糟粕，选其精华，组成侗药“寄生茶汤”，研制成袋装品，如同“袋泡茶”一样，供患者饮用方便，且比较卫生，又是一种适应现代人们可当茶饮用的汤剂配方，在治疗咳痰、咽喉炎症方面有显著疗效，在保健功能方面具有独特作用，本配方已获国家发明专利。
该茶汤具有以下独特特点：①具有迅速止咳、化痰、消炎、健胃、消食、祛寒功能作用。②本产品无毒副作用，适应于任何人群饮用，是一种既是药物，又是保健饮料的保健茶。③根据本人多年临床治疗效果，在同类病症的治疗药物中。侗药寄生茶汤疗效好和适应面广，既可开发一种具有民族特色的产品“袋泡茶”，又可弘扬民族医药的价值，使侗医药得到发扬光大，造福人类。
【摘要】 目的 了解云南省褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus）体表吸虱寄生状况、种类组成、优势虱种、吸虱群落结构及其空间分布、年龄结构和性比特征。 方法 选择云南省17县（市）作为调查点，用鼠笼加食饵诱捕褐家鼠，用“全捕法”采集其体表全部吸虱。吸虱群落结构用丰富度（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H＇）、均匀度（J＇）及优势指数（C＇）描述。吸虱空间分布格局用分布型指数中的扩散系数（C）、Cassie指数（CA）、丛生指数（I）及聚块指数（m*/m）测定。 结果 在捕获的872只褐家鼠体表共计采集到4种吸虱（7 998只），物种丰富度及生物多样性都很低。棘多板虱在整个吸虱群落中占绝对优势，相对优势度Dr为89.12%。吸虱在褐家鼠体表的分布表现为聚集型分布格局，其生活史时期均以雌雄成虫为主，雌雄合计占64.18%，雌︰雄性比为1.85。 结论 褐家鼠体表吸虱种类比较单一，群落结构简单，吸虱在宿主体表的寄生呈高度聚集性，雌性高于雄性。褐家鼠体表吸虱种类单一、群落结构简单、优势种明显。显示褐家鼠及其体表寄生吸虱之间的协同进化程度较高。
【关键词】 吸虱 体表寄生虫 褐家鼠
Investigation and analysis of sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus in 17 counties (towns) of Yunnan, China.
MENG Yan-fen, GUO Xian-guo, MEN Xing-yuan, et al.
(Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China；Institute of Plant Protection, Agriculture Academy of Science in Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China)
Abstract：Objective To investigate the basic information of sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus(a dominant species of wild rats in Yunnan, China), including the louse species constitution and distribution, the dominant louse species, the louse community structure, the spatial pattern, the age structure and the sex ratio of sucking lice in different habitats. Methods Rattus norvegicus (the host of lice) were captured with mouse traps in 17 counties (or towns) of Yunnan. All the lice on the body surface of their hosts were completely collected. Richness (S), diversity index (H＇), evenness (J＇) and dominance index (C＇) were used to illustrate the community structure of sucking lice on their hosts in the light of Shannon- Wiener's method. Disperse coefficient (C), Cassie index (CA), clumping index (I) and patch index (m*/m) were adopted to measure the spatial distribution pattern of sucking lice. Results Only 4 species of sucking lice (7 998 individuals) were collected from 872 Rattus norvegicus which were captured in the field investigation. Polyplax spinulosa (burmeister,1 839) was the dominant species with 89.12% of relative dominance (Dr). The species diversity of sucking louse was very low. The results showed an aggregated spatial distribution pattern of the lice among the different individuals of the rat hosts in different habitats. The female and male louse adults accounted for 64.18% of the whole life stages while the sex ratio of the female to male lice reached 1.85:1. Conclusion The sucking louse community on Rattus norvegicus is very simple with few louse species. The dominant louse species on Rattus norvegicus is Polyplax spinulosa. The distribution of the sucking lice on Rattus norvegicus is of an aggregated distribution with more female adults. The simple louse community with low species diversity and prominent louse species suggest that a high coevolution exists between Rattus norvigicus and their permanent ectoparasites, sucking lice.
Key words：Sucking louse;Ectoparasite;Rattus norvegicus
Sucking lice are a specific group of insects widely distributed all over the world, which belong to suborder Anoplura of order Phthiraptera. They are exclusively hematophagous ectoparasites of eutherian (placental) mammals although none of the representatives of some eutherian mammal orders (Marsupialia, Chiroptera, Xenarthra, Pholidota, Proboscidea, Cetacea, Sirenia) are known to be parasitized by Anoplura, except (in rare cases) by accidental infestations［1］. To date, about 560 valid species of Anoplura have been described［2］. Two species of sucking lice, Pediculus humanus (Pediculidae) and Pthirus pubis (Pthiridae), are the obligatory ectoparasites of humans, which are usually called “human lice”. Since some species of sucking lice can be the transmitting vector of some infectious diseases or zoonoses, such as epidemic typhus, relapsing fever and trench fever, etc. transmitted by Pediculus humanus and once caused highly attention in the history, sucking lice are generally regarded as a category of medical insect［3,4］.
Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) is a cosmopolitan species in the world and it is a dominant species of small mammals (rodents) in Yunnan Province of China. Rattus norvegicus is also an important pest for agriculture, tourism and medicine. The major habitat for Rattus norvegicus is human dwellings and nearby cultivated areas. Rattus norvegicus can harbor a few categories of ectoparasites, including chiggers, gamasid mites, fleas, ticks and sucking lice. This paper is to make a preliminary analysis on the community of sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus, a dominant species of rodents in Yunnan Province of China.
1 Material and method
1.1 Data from 17 counties (towns) in Yunnan Province of China were selected as survey sites and the field survey was carried out from 2000 to 2004. All the specimens of sucking lice, together with their hosts, Rattus norvegicus, came from the selected 17 counties (towns), namely Gongshan, Xianggelila, Lijiang, Jianchuan, Binchuan, Dali, Qiaojia, Yuanjiang, Ning’er (Pu'er formerly), Pu'er (Simao formerly), Menghai, Suijiang, Qiubei, Mengzi, Wenshan, Maguan and Hekou. According to the stratified sampling method, the field investigation for collecting the lice and the hosts (Rattus norvegicus) was done in different habitats. The involved investigated habitats are indoor habitat (I), outdoor habitat near dwelling (garden, plowland, bush area and some other habitat near the house, etc.) (II), outdoor cultivated habitat far from dwelling (III) and forest habitat (IV).
The individuals of Rattus norvegicus were mainly captured with mouse traps (10cm×12cm×18cm) while the individuals of the sucking lice on each rat were collected and preserved in 70% of ethanol in the investigated field. Individual lice were dehydrated in 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and 100% of ethanol at first and then made transparent in the mixed solution (1：1) of pure ethanol and xylene (Xylol). After dehydration and transparent process, the lice specimens were mounted on slides by using abienic balsam separately. Each individual louse specimen was finally identified under a microscope［4］.
1.2 Statistical analysis In the light of different habitats where the hosts (Rattus norvegicus) were captured, the community structure, spatial distribution pattern, age structure and sex ratio of sucking lice on the body surface of their hosts Rattus norvegicus in the above four different habitats (I, II, III and IV)were analyzed.
1.2.1 Analysis of community structure Species Richness (S) is used to stand for the species diversity. On the basis of the species richness, the diversity index (H＇), evenness (J＇) and dominance index (C＇) were used to illustrate the community structure of sucking lice on the hosts in the light of the following formulae［5］. Rl and Il respectively stand for the louse infection rate and louse index. Diversity index and the evenness are based on Shannon-Wiener＇s method.
S=∑Si; J＇=H＇/lnS; H＇=-∑Si=1(Ni/N)1n(Ni/N);
C＇=∑Si=1(Ni/N)2; Dr=Ni/N×100%;
R1=Hi/Hi=1×100%; I1=M/H
Where Si represents species i in a certain louse community. Ni and N represent the individuals of louse species i and the total louse individuals. H、Hi and M stand for the total Rattus norvegicus individuals, the numbers of Rattus norvegicus individuals with some kind of sucking louse and the numbers of this kind sucking louse individuals.
1.2.2 Mensuration of spatial distribution pattern Disperse coefficient (C), Cassie index (CA), clumping index (I) and patch index (m*/m)［6］ were calculated for the determination of spatial distribution pattern of sucking lice as the following formulae:
C=σm; I=σm-1; CA=σ2-mm2;
m*/m=m+［σ2m-1］m; m=∑ni=1min; σ2=∑ni=1(mi-m)2n-1
Where m represents the average individuals of some kind of sucking lice on the body surface of sample plot (each individual of Rattus norvegicus) while σ2 stands for the variance. m* represents the average degree of congestion and mi represents the numbers of some kind of sucking lice on the body surface of the host (Rattus norvegicus) i. n stands for the total sample plots (the total number of Rattus norvegicus).
1.2.3 Analysis of sex ratio and age structure F, M and A represent the female, male and all adult sucking louse respectively. The sex ratio (RF/M) is the proportion of female and male sucking lice, RF and RM stand for the proportion of female and male sucking lice in the whole population of adult sucking lice. Ra represents the proportion of a certain age grade of sucking lice in the population while a stands for the numbers of a certain louse age grade and N stands for the total numbers of sucking lice.
RF/M=FM; RF=FA×100%; RM=MA×100%;
Ra=aN×100%
2 Results
2.1 Collection of Rattus norvegicus and sucking lice The hosts of sucking lice, Rattus norvegicus, were randomly captured with mouse traps. 7 998 sucking lice were collected from 872 individuals of Rattus norvegicus and all the lice were identified as 4 species of 2 genera, 2 families (Polyplacidae and Hoplopleuridae), in suborder Anoplura. The collected species and individuals of sucking lice are listed in Table 1. On the basis of the habitats of their hosts, Polyplax spinulosa (burmeister, 1839) is the dominant species with 89.12% of relative dominance (Dr) in the total sucking lice. Polyplax spinulosa is the dominant louse species of Rattus norvegicus in indoor habitat (I) and outdoor habitat near dwelling (garden, plowland, bush area and some other habitat near the house, etc.) (II). Hoplopleura pacifica Ewing is the dominant louse species of outdoor cultivated habitat far from dwelling (III), Polyplax serrata (Burmeister,1839) is the dominant louse species of forest habitat (IV). The dominant species of sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus is conspicuous, but is not a stable species in different habitats (Table 1).
Table 1 Analysis of sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus in different habitats（略）
2.2 Species diversity and community structure of sucking lice The statistical results showed that the species diversity of sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus is very low with only 4 species richness. The diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener’s diversity indices) of the louse communities in different habitats are not beyond 1 (very low). The louse infection rate (22.68%～53.84%) and louse index (5.15-9.56) are high on the body surface of the Rattus norvegicus. (Table 2).
Table 2 Community structure of sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus in different habitats（略）
2.3 The spatial distribution partten of dominant sucking lice Indices of distribution pattern in every sampling plot show that the measured values are all exceed the critical value (I＞0，CA＞0，C＞1，m*/m＞1) of aggregated distribution. The results suggest that the individuals of sucking lice don’t evenly distribute among their hosts (Rattus norvegicus), but have a tendency to gather together and form different individual louse groups on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus in different habitats (Table 3).
Table 3 Mensuration of spatial distribution pattern of dominant sucking liceon the body surface of Rattus norvegicus（略）
2.4 Sex ratio and age structure of sucking lice The life cycle of sucking lice consists three basic stages (eggs, nymph and adult) and the nymph stage is further divided into three phases. All the stages (except eggs) of sucking lice were collected from the body surface of Rattus norvegicus. The results show that the constituent ratio of adult lice is higher than that of the immature stages (except eggs) in different habitats (Table 4).
Table 4 The constituent ratio of different stages of sucking lice（略）
Female and male adults accounted for 64.18% of the whole life stages. The overall sex ratio of female individuals of sucking lice is also higher than that of the male lice in different habitat (Table 5). The results indicate that the sex ratio distribution of sucking lice does not conform to 1:1. The ratio of female/male in all the adult sucking lice is 1.85:1. The sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus show female-biased with more individuals of female lice appeared in our survey.
Table 5 The sex ratio of sucking lice in different habitats （略）
The total number of adult lice only includes the female and male sucking lice.
3 Discussions
3.1 The species diversity and community structure of sucking lice Most species of small mammals have their fixed sucking lice on their body surface. One species of small mammals usually have few species of sucking lice. A certain species of small mammals usually has some certain louse species on its body surface. There are four species sucking lice on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus, and the dominant sucking lice are different in different habitats. Polyplax spinulosa (burmeister, 1839) is the dominant species on Rattus norvegicus with 89.12% of relative dominance in the total sucking lice. The community structure indices represent that the sucking lice species diversity is very low in comparison with other ectoparasites on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus, such as gamasid mites, sand mites and fleas［7～9］. The results indicate the fact that sucking lice often have a high host-specificity. A stable parasitism relationship has been established between the sucking lice and their corresponding hosts in the long history of mutual evolution and this is a reliable ecological evidence for the coevolution between sucking lice and their mammal hosts.
3.2 The spatial distribution of sucking lice Researches on the spatial pattern of populations are to determine the sampling plots. There are lots of methods to determine the spatial distribution pattern of arthropods［10］. Through the analysis of the indices of distribution pattern, the results suggest that the louse individuals have a tendency to form aggregated groups on the body surface of Rattus norvegicus. The aggregated distribution pattern reveals that the louse individuals do not evenly distribute among the indiciduals of their hosts, Rattus norvegicus, but gather together on the body surface of the mouse individuals.
3.3 Analysis on age structure and sex ratio of sucking lice Sucking lice are the permanent ectoparasites on the body surface of mammals. The life cycle of sucking lice consists of egg, nymph and adult. In this study, it was observed that the constituent ratio of every stage is not even. The adults’ ratio of the sucking lice is higher than that the immature stages in all the habitats.
Study of insect sex ratio is an important part in the insect population ecology. This paper reveals the interesting phenomena: the ectoparasitic sucking lice have much more females than males on the body surface of their hosts, Rattus norvegicus. Sex ratio distortions in arthropods frequently originate from cytoplasmic or extrachromosomal factors and are most often associated with the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis. Wolbachia has been shown to induce parthenogenesis in haplodiploid Hymenoptera and diplodiploid Collembola, feminization in terrestrial isopods, and male killing in many insect species［11,12］. The sex-biased phenomena of sucking lice may be similar to endosymbiont Wolbachia to some extent［13］. The results indicate a series of complicated phenomena.
Acknowledgement The authors thank all the Centers of Disease Prevention and Control in the field surveyed counties (towns). The project is financially supported by Natural Science Foundations of China (Project No.: 30460125 and 30060078) and Natural Science Foundations of Yunnan Province (Project No.: 2004C0049M).
【参考文献】
［1］ Durden LA. Lice (Phthiraptera), In: Mullen G and Durden L. (Ed) ［M］. Medical and Veterinarey Entomology. Academin Press, San Diego.2002, 45～65.
［2］ Durden LA, Musser GG. The sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura) of the world: a taxonomic checklist with records of mammalian hosts and geographical distributions［M］. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1994, 1～90.
［3］ Chin TH, Li KC. The Anoplura and Siphonaptera of Guizhou［M］. Guiyang: Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing House, 1991, 1～154.
［4］ Chin DX. Taxonomy and fauna of sucking lice (Anoplura) in China［M］.Beijing: Science Publishing House, 1999,1～132.
［5］ Guo XG, Qian TJ, Guo LJ, et al. Similarity comparison and classification of sucking louse communities on some small mammals in Yunnan, China［J］. Entomologia Sinica, 2004, 11(3):199～209.
［6］ Guo XG, Gong ZD, Qian TJ, et al. Spatial distribution pattern analysis of several flea species in the foci of human plague in Yunnan［J］. Journal of Dali Medical college, 1999, 8(4):1～3.
［7］ Guo XG, Gong ZD, Qian TJ, et al. The comparison between flea communities on the species of small mammals in the foci of human plague in Yunnan, China［J］. Entomologia Sinica, 7(2):169～177.
［8］ Luo LP, Guo XG, Qian TJ, et al. Species investigation of ectoparasitic Gamasid mites on Rattus norvegicus from 25 counties in Yunnan of China［J］. World Health Digest, 2006, 13(5): 11～13.
［9］ Hou SX, Guo XG, Men XY, et al. Study of chigger communities on small mammals in Yunnan province, China［J］. Journal of Pathogen Biology, 2007, 2(4): 291～294.
［10］ Guo XG, Qian TJ, Guo LJ, et al. Spatial distribution pattern of Hoplopleura pacifica (Anoplura: Hoplopleuridae) on its dominant rat host, Rattus flavipectus in Yunnan, China［J］. Entomologia Sinica, 2003, 10(4):265～269.
［11］ Ebbert MA: Endosymbiontic sex ratio distorters［M］. In Evolution and Diversity of Sex Ratio in Insects and Mites Edited by: Wrensch DL, Ebbert MA. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993,150～191.
［12］ Werren JH, Guo L and Windsor DW. Distribution of Wolbachia in neotropical arthropods［M］. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 1995, 62:147～204.
［13］ Perotti MA, Catala SS, Ormeno Adel V, et al. The sex ratio distortion in the human head louse is conserved over time［J］. BMC Genetics, 2004, 12(5):10.
作者单位：大理学院病原与媒介生物研究所，云南 大理 671000； 山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所，山东 济南 250100.
1.病毒是原核细胞型微生物。
2.寄生虫是一大类营寄生生活的多细胞无脊椎低等动物和单细胞的原生生物。
3.肠道致病菌能发酵乳糖产酸产气。
4.高压蒸气灭菌可破坏热原质。
5.世代交替是指寄生虫生活史既有无性生殖，又有有性生殖，两者交替进行，如疟原虫和绦虫。
6.细菌外毒素能选择性地作用于各种不同组织、引起特有的病理变化。
7.寄生虫在常见寄生部位以外的组织或器官内寄生为异位寄生，如血吸虫寄生在肝、肠等部位。
8.干扰素诱导产生的抗病毒蛋白不只作用于病毒，对宿主细胞的蛋白质合成也有影响。
9.细菌的基因组是指细菌染色体和染色体以外遗传物质所带基因的总称。
10.质粒是细菌染色体外的遗传物质由双股RNA组成。
11.毒性噬菌体增殖过程包括：吸附、穿入、脱壳、生物合成、成熟与释放。
12.人的肠道内是微生物生长最多的地方，其中需氧菌占正常菌群的95%以上。
13.各种化学消毒剂浓度越高，杀菌效果就越好。
14．物理和化学的消毒或灭菌方法都是使微生物的核酸及蛋白质变性，因此两者作用机制相同。
15.耐热核酸酶实验是鉴别致病性葡萄球菌的指标。
16．志贺菌致病因子包括菌毛、内毒素和外毒素。
17．霍乱病人愈后，肠腔中的SIgA是阻断肠毒素与小肠上皮细胞受体结合。
18.结核杆菌诱导机体同时产生保护性免疫应答和迟发型超敏反应，这是因为引起保护性免疫应答和迟发型超敏反应的物质为同一抗原。
19.白喉棒状杆菌的主要致病物质为白喉外毒素，其编码基因存在于β－棒状杆菌噬菌体内。
20.目前已知细菌毒素中毒性最强的是破伤风痉挛毒素。
21.无芽胞厌氧菌感染的特征是炎症分泌物直接涂片可见到细菌，但常规培养无菌生长。
22.布鲁氏菌的致病物质包括内毒素，透明质酸酶，荚膜。
23.各种类型的鼠疫都是带菌鼠蚤叮咬人传播。
24.放线菌在组织中形成的菌落称为硫磺颗粒。
25.诺卡菌广泛分布于土壤中的一群厌氧性放线菌。
26.梅毒螺旋体可经胎盘传播引起胎儿畸形。
27.伯氏螺旋体是莱姆病的病原体。
28.支原体是能在无生命培养基生长的最小的原核细胞型微生物。
29.溶脲脲原体是人体泌尿生殖道常见的寄生菌之一，在特定环境下致病。
30.斑疹伤寒立克次体引起流行性斑疹伤寒。
31.衣原体的原体小而致密，位于宿主细胞外，无细胞壁，是衣原体的感染型。
32.流感病毒的HA和NA， 两者均存在于病毒的包膜上 ,是流感病毒分型的依据。
33.下列一组病毒均为呼吸道病毒：流感病毒， 麻疹病毒，腮腺炎病毒，冠状病毒， 鼻病毒，呼肠孤病毒，汉坦病毒。
34.Salk 疫苗 和Sabin 疫苗皆为脊髓灰质炎病毒减毒活疫苗。
35.导致婴儿秋季腹泻的病原体为轮状病毒。
36.除甲、戊型肝炎病毒外其他肝炎病毒均可通过血清传播。
37.HBsAg和HBeAg存在于乙肝病毒三种颗粒中。
38.HCV是肠道传播的病毒，而HEV是肠道外传播的病毒。
39.流行性乙型脑炎病毒是流行性脑脊髓膜炎的病原体
40.HSV－II常引起生殖器疱疹，潜伏于脊髓后根神经节或颅神经的感觉神经节中。
41.水痘－带状疱疹病毒主要潜伏于骶神经节中，激活后可引起带状疱疹。
42.HIV具有嗜细胞特性,主要感染CD4+T细胞和单核巨噬细胞系统
43.真菌按其侵犯的部位和临床表现可分为表面感染真菌、皮肤癣真菌、皮下组织感染真菌和深部感染真菌。
44.周期型马来丝虫微丝蚴白天寄生于肺淋巴系统中，晚上则出现于外周淋巴管中。
45.人感染蛔虫病、鞭虫病、钩虫病、蛲虫病均因食入了各自的感染性虫卵而引起。
46.卫氏并殖吸虫寄生在人体的肺脏，引起肺型并殖吸虫病，而斯氏狸殖吸虫在人体内寄生主要引起皮肤型并殖吸虫病。
47.日本血吸虫的感染方式是食人含囊蚴的鱼。
48.人误食猪带绦虫孕节可患猪带绦虫病，误食了牛带绦虫的虫卵可患牛囊尾蚴病。
49.经口感染的寄生虫并非全部寄生于消化道, 寄生于消化道的寄生虫并非全部经口感染。
50.滋养体是阴道毛滴虫的感染阶段。
参考答案
1. × 2. √ 3.× 4.× 5.× 6. √ 7. × 8. √ 9. √ 10. ×
11. √ 12. × 13.× 14.× 15.√ 16.√ 17.× 18.× 19.√ 20. ×
21. √ 22. √ 23.× 24.√ 25.× 26.√ 27.√ 28.√ 29.√ 30. ×
31. × 32. × 33.× 34.× 35.√ 36.√ 37.× 38.× 39.× 40. ×
41. √ 42. √ 43.√ 44.× 45.× 46.× 47.× 48.× 49.√ 50.√
