一篇新研究认为,镜像治疗─用来成功治疗截肢后幻肢现象的方法─可以促进中风后的偏瘫恢复。
在镜像治疗中,病患在健侧肢的床边放一面镜子,阻断他们对患侧肢的视线,建立两侧肢体都功能正常的假象;研究中的14名偏瘫病患,患侧肢利用镜子练习踝关节背曲的功能恢复比直接练习者佳。
东京Metropolitan大学的Kazu Amimoto医师在声明中表示,如果可以透过健侧身体动作的视觉输出,而达到此类改变,就有理由相信会影响认知,也就是影响到心灵、恢复等方面,比之前所了解的更重要,且应多专注于此。
研究结果发表于第6届世界中风研讨会。
【动作反射】
镜像治疗现在已经应用在许多方面,包括治疗截肢后幻肢现象,复杂的区域性疼痛症状,以及中风复健;观念是使用镜子产生病患两侧肢体都完整的幻象。
作者指出,传统的偏瘫肢治疗是使用主动或被动体能活动,来刺激新的神经元连结而获得恢复;加入镜像治疗可以藉由患侧肢体适当运作的视觉刺激而促进恢复,而非仅仅依赖心中的想像。
该研究中,Amimoto医师等人检视将镜像治疗加入14个下肢偏瘫右撇子病患后的直接制约,这些病患都是慢性期,中风后4个月以上;该研究使用交叉设计:病患随机分派,并用或不并用镜像治疗与直接制约,之后交换治疗方式。
镜子设定在一个矢状平面;研究对象坐在椅子上,下肢放在镜子盒内。至于动作,研究对象跨越一个3公分高的栏状阶梯10次;使用二次元动作分析软体计算脚踝关节的角度与完成这个动作的时间。
Amimoto等人报告指出,镜像制约下完成动作的时间显然比较短,从3.19秒减少到2.80秒;直接制约也改变脚踝背曲角度达0.8°,不过,与镜像制约组没有显著差异。
他们结论表示,使用健侧的视觉刺激产生的镜像制约变化,显示出认知恢复与体能恢复有一样的重要性。
第6届世界中风研讨会:摘要PO-02-274。发表于2008年9月26日。
Mirror Therapy May Facilitate Recovery in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients
By Susan Jeffrey
Medscape Medical News
Mirror therapy, a strategy that has been used successfully to treat phantom pain after amputation, may promote recovery from hemiplegia after a stroke, a new study suggests.
In mirror therapy, patients place a mirror beside the unaffected limb, blocking their view of the affected limb, creating the illusion that both limbs are working normally. In a study of 14 hemiplegic patients, those who practiced ankle dorsiflexion using the mirror had more recovery of function in the affected limb than those who underwent direct conditioning.
"If such change can be brought about purely through visual input of movement by the healthy body half, then it stands to reason that the cognitive, which is to say the mental, aspect of rehabilitation, has far greater importance than previously understood and should be paid far more attention," said Kazu Amimoto, MD, from Tokyo Metropolitan University, in Japan, in a statement.
The results were presented here at the 6th World Stroke Congress.
Reflection of Movement
Mirror therapy has now been used in a number of settings, including the treatment of phantom-limb pain after amputation and complex regional pain syndrome, as well as in stroke rehabilitation. The idea is to use the mirror to produce the illusion for the patient that both limbs are intact.
Conventional therapies for hemiplegic limbs use active or passive physical exercise in an attempt to stimulate new neural connections that lead to recovery, the authors note. The addition of mirror therapy might enhance recovery by enlisting direct visual stimulation showing the affected limb working properly, rather than relying on mental imagery alone.
In this study, Dr. Amimoto and colleagues examined the addition of mirror therapy to direct conditioning in 14 right-handed patients with lower-limb hemiplegia. All enrolled were in the chronic phase, 4 months or longer after their stroke. The study used a crossover design: patients were randomized to start with direct conditioning with or without the addition of mirror therapy and then cross over to the other treatment.
A mirror was set up in the sagittal plane. Subjects sat on a chair with the lower limbs placed in the mirrored box. For the movement task, subjects stepped over a 3-cm-high columnar step 10 times. The angle of the ankle joint and the time required to complete the task were calculated using 2-dimensional motion-analysis software.
Dr. Amimoto and colleagues report that the time required to complete the task was significantly shortened by the mirror conditioning, from 3.19 to 2.80 seconds. Direct conditioning was associated with a change in the ankle dorsal flexion angle by 0.8°, but this was not significantly different from the mirror conditioning group.
The changes associated with mirror conditioning using visual stimulation from the sound side underline the importance of the cognitive aspect of recovery as well as the physical, they conclude.
6th World Stroke Congress: Abstract PO-02-274. Presented September 26, 2008.
“医药分业”是国际上的通行做法,在发达国家已经实行近百年了。日本从上世纪中叶就开始了医药分业的进程,其状况如何?
在日本的《医师法》、《牙科医师法》、《药剂师法》中,医师、牙科医师为患者治疗疾病调剂用药时,必须把处方交给患者或是看护病人的人。但是,在诊断和治疗方法不确定、处方有可能加重疾病治疗难度等情况下,患者或是看护病人的人提出不必把处方交给他们,医师便可以不履行处方交付的义务。而药剂师则可根据开具的处方进行调剂,如患者或者是看护病人的人提出希望从医师或是牙科医师那里得到药剂的请求。
医药至今未完全分业且有地区差异
在日本,药房受医院领导,收入归医院所有。医院药剂部的管理、经营模式与中国相似,下设有门诊药房和住院药房,并有部分医院制剂。近年来,日本也提倡发展社区卫生事业,引导患者到社区诊所就诊,一般凭借处方在药店取药。在医院门诊就诊的患者可在医院药房配药,也可到药店取药。
目前,日本采取一种渐进策略,希望逐步将药品的调配从医疗服务中分离出来。日本政府虽然在1956年4月就颁布了《医药分业法》,但直到1974年才开始提高挂号费,正式实行医药分离。然后又分别在1994年和1997年进一步提高挂号费和引入门诊病人的处方药共付机制,以加速医药分业的进程。
近年来,日本医药分业有了实质的进展。据统计,2002年,医药分业率达到48.3%,到2004年,处方外流超过6.1亿张,全年平均医药分业率已达到了53.8%。提倡医药分业以来虽已30余年,但日本仍没有完全实现医药分业。
此外,日本医药分业的进展状况随地域是有差别的。2004年医药分业率排第一位的秋田县(79.2%)和最后一位的福井县(18.7%),两者的悬殊达到了50%以上。
厚生劳动省努力推进
日本医药分业政策由厚生劳动省来执行。其在1985年确立了医药分业推进的样板地区,1988年开始进行医药分业基础准备,1992年开始设立了药品储备、医药情报提供等医药分业推动中心,并配备了相应的设施、设备。
为控制医药费用过快增长,日本医疗保险药品全部实行政府定价。为引导医疗机构合理用药,降低其中药品收入比重,日本厚生劳动省在连续下调药品价格的同时,逐年缩小药品进销差价。
关于药学教育的延长(药学教育6年制)、培养药剂师等诸多问题,厚生劳动省、文部科学省等的相关人员在1996年召开的药剂师培养问题研讨会。2002年1月,为了提高药剂师的技能,厚生劳动省于6月召开了“药剂师问题研讨会”。文部科学省也在10月份召开了“改善充实药学教育的调查研究会”,对大学药学教育的改善充实进行了专门调查研究。
为了在以培养药剂师为目的的大学药学教育中充实素养教育、医疗药学、实习,使这些教育课程有机结合培养临床实践能力,2004年,学校教育法进行了部分修订,自2006年开始,有关药剂师的培养课程,学习年限从现在的4年延长至6年。与此同时,《药剂师法》进行部分修订,规定参加国家药剂师考试的必须是6年制药学专业毕业的学生。


