摘要: 泌尿系统感染(urinary tract infection,UTI)是指从尿道口到肾脏的泌尿道任何部位发生的细菌感染的总称。UTI习惯上按解剖部位分类,包括尿道炎、膀胱炎和肾盂肾炎,以及与其密切相关的肾周感染和前列腺炎、附睾睾丸炎。近年来,一种更有临床意义的分类方法被越来越多地接受和采用,即将UTI按其临床特点和患者泌尿、免疫、......
参考文献
1 Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am,1997, 11∶551-581.
2 Ronald AR, Harding GK. Complicated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 1997, 11∶583-592.
3 Rushton HG. Urinary tract infections in children. Epidemiology, evaluation, a nd management. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1997, 44∶ 1133-1169.
4 Kunin CM. Urinary tract infections in females. Clin Infect Dis,1994,18∶ 1-1 2.
5 Ackermann RJ,Monroe PW. Bacteremic urinary tract infection in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc,1996, 44∶ 927-933.
6 Hooten TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, et al. A prospective study of risk factors f or symptomatic urinary tract infections in young women. N Engl J Med, 1996,335∶ 468-474.
7 Chen SS, Chen KK, Lin AT, et al. Complicated urinary tract infection: analys is of 179 patients. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chi (Taipei),1998,61∶651-656.
8 KuoIkahermo R, Siitonen A, Herskanen T, et al. Recurrence of urinary tract in fection in a primary care setting: analysis of a 1 year follow-up of 179 women . Clin Infections, 1996, 22∶ 91-99.
9 Roberts JA, Kaack MB, Baskin G,et al. Epitopes of the P-fimbrial adhesin o f E. coli cause different urinary tract infections. J Urol, 1997, 158∶ 1610-16 13.
10 Svanborg C, Godaly G. Bacterial virulence in urinary tract infection . Infect Dis Clin North Am, 1997, 11∶ 513-529.
11 Kunin CM,White LV, Hua TH. A reassessment of the importance of “low-count ” bacteriuria in young women with acute urinary symptoms. Ann Intern Med, 1993, 119∶454-460.
12 Kaye D. Dipsticks for diagnosis of urinary tract infections in the nursing h ome. JAMA, 1995,274∶868.
13 MStamm WE, Hooten TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N E ngl J Med,1993,329∶1328-1334.
14 Nicolle LE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. Infect Dis Clin North A m, 1997,11∶ 647-662.
15 Uehling DT, Hopkins WJ, Balish E, et al. Vaginal mucosal immunization for recurrent urinary tract infection: phase II clinical trial. J Urol, 1997, 157∶ 2049-2052.